Application of Iranian medicinal plants in aquaculture disease management (Part 1: Antivirals)

1. Introduction 1
References 8
2. Oregano (Origanum vulgare or O. vulgare) 11
2.1. History 11
2.2. Morphology 12
2.3. Dispersion 13
2.4. Cultivation 14
2.5. Chemical compounds 14
2.6. Applications in human and aquatic animals 15
2.8. Side effects 19
2.9. Conclusion 19
References 20
3. Aloe vera (Aloe vera barbadensis) 25
3.1. Introduction 25
3.2. History 26
3.3. Morphology 26
3.4. Dispersion 27
3.5. Cultivation 27
3.6. Chemical compounds 28
3.7. Applications in human and animals 29
3.8. Biological activities of Aloe vera in fish 32
3.9. Immune stimulatory effect 32
3.10. Hemato-biochemical effect 34
3.11. Growth performance 35
3.12. Anti-inflammatory effect 38
3.13. Side effects 38
3.14. Conclusion 40
References 40
4. Garlic (Allium sativum) 49
4.1. Introduction 49
4.2. History 50
4.3. Morphology 52
4.4. Dispersion 54
4.5. Cultivation 55
4.5.1. Growth and development 55
4.6. Other botanical information 55
4.7. Prospects 57
4.8. Chemical compounds 57
4.9. Applications in human and animals 59
4.9.1. Therapeutic effects of garlic on humans 59
4.10. Side effects 67
4.11. Conclusion 67
References 68
5. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) 73
5.1. Introduction 73
5.2. History 74
5.3. Morphology 75
5.4. Dispersion 77
5.5. Cultivation 77
5.6. Chemical compounds 77
5.7. Applications in human and animals 79
5.8. Biological activities Zingiber officinale in fish 80
5.9. Ginger as an immunostimulant 83
5.10. Ginger as an antimicrobial agent 84
5.11. Ginger as ant-parasitical agent 85
5.12. Ginger as an antioxidant agent 87
5.13. Ginger as anti-inflammatory 87
5.14. Side effects 88
5.15. Conclusion 88
References 88
6. Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) 97
6.1. Introduction 97
6.2. History 98
6.3. Morphology 98
6.4. Dispersion 99
6.4.1. Cultivation 99
6.5. Chemical compounds 100
6.6. Applications in human and animals 103
6.7. Biological activities Echinacea purpurea in fish 103
6.8. Echinacea purpurea as an immunostimulant 104
6.9. Echinacea purpurea as antimicrobial agent 106
6.10. Echinacea purpurea as growth promoter 106
6.11. Echinacea purpurea as antioxidant agent 107
6.12. Echinacea purpurea as anti-inflammatory 108
6.13. Disease resistance 109
6.14. Hemato-biochemical indices 110
6.15. Side effects 111
6.16. Conclusion 112
References 113
7. Sambucus (Elderberry) (Sambucus nigra) 121
7.1. Introduction 121
7.2. Importance of plant 122
7.3. Compositions 123
7.4. Nutritional value of elderberry 125
7.5. Support the immune system 126
7.6. Contraindications to the consumption of elderberry 127
7.7. Therapeutic effects of the elderberry on animals 128
7.8. Therapeutic effects of the elderberry in the aquatic environment 129
7.9. Conclusion 131
References 132
8. Sage (Salvia officinalis) 137
8.1. Morphology 137
8.2. Dispersion 138
8.3. Cultivation 139
8.4. Chemical compounds 141
8.5. Traditional medicine 142
8.6. Applications in human and aquatic animals 143
8.7. Side effects 145
8.8. Conclusion 145
References 146
9. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) 151
9.1. Morphology 151
9.2. Dispersion 153
9.3. Cultivation 154
9.4. Chemical compounds 155
9.5. Traditional medicine 156
9.6. Applications in human and aquatic animals 157
9.7. Side effects 160
9.8. Conclusion 161
References 162
Index 167